blockchainforbeginners

O que é uma carteira de criptomoedas?
Uma carteira não guarda realmente as suas moedas. Os seus tokens estão na blockchain. A carteira guarda as suas chaves, que provam que é o proprietário dos tokens e lhe permitem enviá-los.
As duas chaves
Chave pública: o seu endereço. É seguro partilhá-lo, tal como um endereço de e-mail ou um número de conta bancária. As pessoas usam-no para lhe enviar SOL e tokens.
Chave privada: a sua palavra-passe secreta. Quem a tiver controla os seus fundos. Nunca a partilhe.
Assinar transações
Quando envia tokens, a sua carteira usa a sua chave privada para criar uma assinatura digital. A rede verifica a assinatura usando a sua chave pública. Isto prova que aprovou a transação sem nunca revelar a sua chave privada.

On Solana, everything is stored in accounts. Think of them as files on a shared hard drive: each one has an address, holds some data, and has an owner. Your wallet, a token balance, and even a program are all accounts.
What an account contains
Address: A unique public key that identifies it
Lamports: Its SOL balance (1 SOL = 1 billion lamports)
Data: Bytes of stored information, such as a token balance
Owner: The program that is allowed to change the account's data
Executable flag: Marks whether the account is a program
Who can change what?
Only the owner program can modify an account's data. Anyone can add lamports to an account, but only its owner can take them out or alter the data. Your wallet is owned by the System Program, which is why it handles SOL transfers.
Rent and storage
Storing data on Solana costs money. Accounts must hold a minimum lamport balance, called the rent-exempt minimum, which depends on how much data they store. Pay it once and the account stays alive. Close the account and you get the lamports back.
Common account types
Wallet accounts: Hold SOL and are controlled by your private key
Program accounts: Store executable code
Data accounts: Store a program's state, like a game score or token balance
Token accounts: Track how much of a specific token someone owns
Why it matters
Because programs and data are separate and every transaction declares its accounts upfront, Solana can run non-conflicting transactions in parallel. Understanding accounts is the key to understanding how Solana works.
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What is the SVM?
The Solana Virtual Machine is the execution engine of the Solana blockchain. Whenever you send tokens, buy an NFT, or use a DeFi app, the SVM runs the code behind that transaction and updates the blockchain's state. If the blockchain is a shared global computer, the SVM is the part that actually runs programs.
Programs, not "smart contracts"
On Solana, smart contracts are called programs. They're mostly written in Rust (C and C++ also work) and compiled into sBPF bytecode, which the SVM executes. Frameworks like Anchor make writing them much easier for beginners.
How it works
Account model: Code and data are stored separately. A program doesn't hold its own data; data lives in separate accounts. Every transaction declares up front which accounts it will read or write.
Parallel execution (Sealevel): Since accounts are declared in advance, the SVM can spot transactions that don't touch the same accounts and run them at the same time. This is a big reason Solana is fast and cheap.
Compute units: Each transaction has a compute budget. More work uses more compute units, and fees reflect that. This prevents programs from running endlessly.
SVM vs. EVM
Language: EVM uses Solidity; SVM uses Rust
Execution: EVM is mostly sequential; SVM is parallel
Data: EVM stores data inside each contract; SVM uses separate accounts
Fees: SVM fees are usually much lower
Beyond Solana
Anza, the core Solana developer team, has made the SVM a standalone, reusable component. Other projects, like app-specific chains and rollups, can now use it to power their own networks.
Where to start
Learn basic Rust, then the Anchor framework, then deploy a small program on Solana devnet, where you can experiment for free.
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