Carley Scire iKmW

Bitcoin (BTC) remains one of the most closely watched cryptocurrencies in 2026. After a highly volatile year, BTC is currently trading around the $77,000–$80,000 range, with the market testing important resistance near $80,000. Recent data also shows renewed institutional interest and strong Bitcoin ETF inflows, which could support another major upward move.
For the remainder of 2026, Bitcoin’s outlook can be divided into three scenarios. In a bullish scenario, if ETF demand remains strong, institutional adoption increases and macroeconomic conditions become favorable, BTC could break above $100,000 and potentially target $120,000–$150,000. Some current market forecasts are even more aggressive, although these targets remain highly speculative.
In a neutral scenario, Bitcoin could remain between $75,000 and $100,000, experiencing several corrections before attempting another breakout. A bearish scenario could develop if global risk appetite weakens, interest rates remain high, or investors reduce exposure to cryptocurrencies.
My 2026 BTC Prediction
My estimated year-end range is $100,000–$130,000, with $150,000+ possible if strong bullish momentum returns. However, Bitcoin remains highly volatile, so investors should consider both upside potential and significant downside risk.

組み込み型DeFiは、分散型金融サービスをアプリケーション、プラットフォーム、金融商品に直接統合します。ユーザーは、すでに利用しているプラットフォームを離れることなく、貸付、取引、決済、または利回り機会にアクセスできます。
一方、B2B流動性インフラは企業向けに構築されています。企業が金融サービスを効率よく提供するために必要な、基盤となる流動性、決済、取引、そして金融インフラを提供します。
簡単に言うと、組み込み型DeFiはユーザー体験に重点を置きます。一方で、B2B流動性インフラは裏側で企業を支えることに重点を置きます。

導入、
分散型ファイナンス（DeFi）は、単独の暗号アプリケーションを超えて広範な金融商品やビジネス・プラットフォームの一部になりつつあります。同時に、企業はAPIやソフトウェアを通じて、事業者が取引、支払い、ステーブルコイン、信用、その他の金融サービスにアクセスできるようにするB2Bの流動性インフラを構築しています。
これら2つの概念はどちらも金融サービスを他のアプリケーションにつなぐため、似て聞こえることがあります。しかし、解決する課題は異なります。
組み込みDeFiは、分散型の金融機能を別のアプリケーションやユーザー体験の中に直接入れることに焦点を当てています。

Introduction
The Ethereum Glamsterdam Upgrade is an upcoming major Ethereum network upgrade planned for Q4 2026. It is designed to improve Ethereum’s Layer 1 performance, make the network more scalable, reduce some transaction costs, and prepare Ethereum for higher-throughput future upgrades. According to ethereum.org, Glamsterdam focuses on changing how Ethereum creates, verifies, and processes blocks, especially after the progress made in the Fusaka upgrade.
The name Glamsterdam comes from two parts: “Gloas”, related to the consensus-layer upgrade name, and “Amsterdam”, related to the execution-layer upgrade name.
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Simple Diagram: Ethereum Before and After Glamsterdam
Before Glamsterdam
------------------
Transactions
|
v
One-by-one processing
|
v
Block builder/proposer system depends more on outside relays
|
v
Limited time to spread and verify data
After Glamsterdam
-----------------
Transactions
|
v
Better data maps + parallel processing preparation
|
v
Proposer and builder roles separated inside Ethereum protocol
|
v
More time to spread data + better scaling path
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Main Purpose of Glamsterdam
The main goal of Glamsterdam is to help Ethereum scale safely without making the network too difficult for normal users or home validators to run.
Ethereum.org describes three main goals of Glamsterdam:
1. Speeding up processing through parallelization.
2. Expanding network capacity by improving how blocks are created and verified.
3. Preventing database bloat by adjusting gas costs for long-term sustainability.
In simple words, Glamsterdam is not just a small fee update. It is a structural upgrade that prepares Ethereum for a future where more transactions and more Layer 2 data can be handled efficiently.
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Key Feature 1: Enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation, or ePBS
One of the biggest parts of Glamsterdam is ePBS, also known as EIP-7732.
Today, Ethereum block creation involves proposers and builders, but parts of this system depend on off-protocol infrastructure such as relays. Glamsterdam aims to bring this separation directly into Ethereum’s protocol. This is called enshrined proposer-builder separation.
Diagram: ePBS Concept
Current Model
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Validator / Proposer
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v
External relay or builder market
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v
Execution payload
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v
Ethereum block
With ePBS
---------
Proposer role ---> Ethereum protocol ---> Builder role
| | |
v v v
Consensus block Trustless rules Execution payload
Why ePBS matters
ePBS helps Ethereum by:
- Reducing reliance on trusted third-party relays.
- Making block building more protocol-native.
- Giving the network more time to propagate data.
- Supporting larger payloads and more scaling capacity.
Ethereum.org says ePBS can expand the data propagation window from about 2 seconds to about 9 seconds, which helps Ethereum safely handle more data.
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Key Feature 2: Block-Level Access Lists, or BALs
Another major feature is Block-Level Access Lists, also called BALs or EIP-7928.
Ethereum currently processes many operations in a sequential way because the network does not always know in advance which accounts or storage areas each transaction will touch. BALs work like a map that tells Ethereum which parts of the database a block will access.
Diagram: Block-Level Access List
Without BAL
-----------
Transaction 1 --> Unknown data access
Transaction 2 --> Unknown data access
Transaction 3 --> Unknown data access
Ethereum must process carefully, step by step.
With BAL
--------
Block Access List:
- Tx 1 touches Account A
- Tx 2 touches Account B
- Tx 3 touches Account C
Ethereum can prepare data earlier and move toward parallel processing.
Why BALs matter
BALs are important because they help Ethereum:
- Prepare for parallel processing.
- Reduce bottlenecks.
- Improve node syncing.
- Make future L1 scaling safer.
Ethereum.org explains that BALs give nodes visibility into transaction dependencies and can allow nodes to perform parallel disk reads.
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Key Feature 3: Gas and State Cost Changes
Glamsterdam also includes gas-related changes. These changes are not only about making fees cheaper; they are also about making Ethereum’s cost system more accurate.
For example, the Ethereum Foundation notes that state-related operations such as creating an account, deploying code, or writing a fresh storage slot may be metered differently. This is important because Ethereum must control long-term database growth.
Diagram: Gas Cost Purpose
Gas Fees in Ethereum
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User pays gas
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v
Network measures work
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v
Costs should reflect:
- Computation
- Data access
- Storage growth
- Long-term hardware burden
If Ethereum allows too much cheap storage growth, running nodes can become harder over time. Glamsterdam tries to balance cheaper everyday use with long-term network sustainability.
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EIPs Scheduled for Glamsterdam
The Glamsterdam hard fork meta EIP is EIP-7773. It lists several Ethereum Improvement Proposals scheduled for inclusion, including:
- EIP-2780: Reduce intrinsic transaction gas.
- EIP-7732: Enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation.
- EIP-7928: Block-Level Access Lists.
- EIP-7954: Increase maximum contract size.
- EIP-8037: State creation gas cost increase.
- EIP-8038: State-access gas cost increase.
- EIP-8246: Remove SELFDESTRUCT burn.
- EIP-8282: Builder execution requests.
Because Glamsterdam is still in development, some details may change before final mainnet activation.
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How Glamsterdam Helps Ethereum Users
For normal Ethereum users, Glamsterdam may bring:
- Better network performance.
- A stronger foundation for lower fees over time.
- More reliable scaling.
- Improved Layer 2 support because Ethereum can handle more data more safely.
- A better long-term user experience.
However, users should not think of Glamsterdam as a magic upgrade that instantly solves all fees forever. Ethereum fees still depend on network demand, block space, Layer 2 usage, and market activity.
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How Glamsterdam Helps Developers
For developers, Glamsterdam may bring:
- Better tools for building scalable applications.
- Larger contract-size possibilities through EIP-7954.
- New gas cost rules that may require reviewing contract assumptions.
- Better infrastructure for applications that depend on Ethereum’s L1 and Layer 2 ecosystem.
Developers should especially check gas assumptions, because some operations may become cheaper while others may be repriced to reflect their real network cost.
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How Glamsterdam Affects Validators and Node Operators
Validators and node operators will need to update both execution and consensus clients before the upgrade activates. Ethereum.org states that Glamsterdam affects all Ethereum nodes and validators because it changes how blocks are built, validated, and attested.
Diagram: Node Upgrade Process
Before Glamsterdam Activation
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Node operator
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v
Update execution client
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v
Update consensus client
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v
Test compatibility
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v
Stay synced after hard fork
If a node operator does not update in time, their node may no longer follow the correct Ethereum chain after the upgrade.
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Glamsterdam and Layer 2 Scaling
Ethereum’s scaling roadmap depends heavily on Layer 2 networks such as rollups. Glamsterdam helps by improving the base layer so that it can support more data and higher throughput in the future.
Diagram: Ethereum and Layer 2
Users
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v
Layer 2 networks
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v
Post data / proofs to Ethereum L1
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v
Ethereum provides security and settlement
By improving Ethereum L1’s capacity and data-handling structure, Glamsterdam indirectly helps Layer 2 networks become faster and more efficient.
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Will Glamsterdam Increase ETH Price?
Glamsterdam could be positive for Ethereum’s long-term fundamentals because it improves scalability, network efficiency, and developer experience. But no upgrade can guarantee a price increase.
ETH price depends on many factors, including:
- Crypto market conditions.
- Demand for Ethereum block space.
- Layer 2 growth.
- Institutional interest.
- Regulations.
- Bitcoin market cycles.
- Global liquidity.
So, Glamsterdam may improve Ethereum’s technology, but ETH price movement remains uncertain.
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Conclusion
The Ethereum Glamsterdam Upgrade is a major step in Ethereum’s long-term roadmap. Its main focus is to make Ethereum faster, more scalable, more sustainable, and better prepared for future high-throughput growth.
The most important parts of Glamsterdam are:
Glamsterdam Upgrade
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|-- ePBS
| |-- Better block building
| |-- Less reliance on external relays
| |-- More data propagation time
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|-- Block-Level Access Lists
| |-- Better transaction dependency mapping
| |-- Parallel processing preparation
| |-- Faster syncing possibilities
|
|-- Gas and state repricing
|-- More accurate network costs
|-- Long-term sustainability
|-- Safer future gas-limit increases
In simple words, Glamsterdam is Ethereum’s upgrade for better scaling, smarter block processing, and a stronger future network structure.