Glassnode co-founder Rafael said that approximately 6.26 million BTC, or 31.2% of the total supply, are held in addresses with publicly exposed public keys, up from 24.8% in early 2021. Of this amount, around 4.33 million BTC are exposed due to address reuse, while another 1.94 million BTC are directly exposed through script types such as P2PK and Taproot.

Among BTC held by exchanges, approximately 1.79 million BTC have exposed public keys, accounting for 57% of identified exchange holdings, up from 55% in May this year. Rafael stressed that the statistics only reflect on-chain public-key exposure, do not indicate that the assets have been attacked, and do not constitute an assessment of the security of exchanges or custodians.