S A M R A

Decentralised storage aims to remove single points of failure and resist censorship, but achieving this reliably has proven difficult. Many systems either store data directly on-chain—quickly becoming expensive and impractical—or rely on a small set of trusted off-chain providers. Walrus, a new storage network built on the Sui blockchain, proposes a different solution. After reviewing its design documents and public announcements, this piece outlines Walrus’ core ideas in accessible terms.
Why Walrus matters
Early blockchains attempted to store everything on-chain, an approach that does not scale economically or technically. More recent off-chain storage systems reduce costs but often reintroduce trust assumptions by relying on a limited number of operators or centralised services.
Walrus is designed as a censorship-resistant storage layer native to Sui, with reliability as a first-class goal. It combines sliver encoding, cross-coded replication, and Proof-of-Authority (PoA) to ensure that data remains accessible even when multiple storage nodes fail. The network is supported by its native token, WAL, which is used to compensate storage providers, enforce correct behaviour, and govern protocol evolution.
How Walrus stores data
Walrus does not store files as single objects. Instead, it breaks them down and distributes responsibility across many participants.
1. File splitting and sliver encoding
When a file is uploaded, it is divided into segments and further broken into slivers. Additional encoded slivers are then generated by combining the originals. Thanks to this encoding, only a subset of slivers above a defined threshold is needed to reconstruct the full file.
2. Cross-coded replication
Slivers are distributed across multiple shards and storage providers. Some slivers are primary, while others are derived through XOR-based encoding. If a provider goes offline or loses data, the encoded slivers can be used to reconstruct what is missing.
3. On-chain metadata
Information about where slivers are stored and how they map back to the original file is recorded on the Sui blockchain. This allows files to be recovered without relying on any single node or coordinator.
Together, these mechanisms provide strong availability guarantees. Data remains recoverable even if several providers fail, and no single provider ever holds enough information to reconstruct a file independently, improving privacy by design.
Proof-of-Authority and the Sealer network
To ensure long-term accessibility, Walrus uses Proof-of-Authority rather than proof-of-work or proof-of-stake. A rotating committee of trusted nodes, known as Sealers, is responsible for auditing storage providers and maintaining data integrity.
When data is uploaded, Sealers verify that the correct number of slivers has been stored and record this verification on-chain. If a user later requests a file and some slivers are missing, the Sealer network can reconstruct the missing pieces using the encoded backups and restore the file.
This approach provides formal guarantees: once a file is sealed, it can be reconstructed as long as a sufficient subset of providers remains honest. The Sealer committee is selected randomly and changes over time, reducing the risk of coordinated censorship.
WAL token economics and incentives
The WAL token underpins Walrus’ economic model and serves several key functions:
1. Payments and security
Users pay storage providers in WAL. Providers, in turn, stake WAL as collateral to signal reliability. If a provider deletes data or behaves maliciously, part of their stake can be slashed.
2. Governance
WAL holders participate in governance, voting on protocol upgrades and parameter changes that shape the future of the network.
3. Deflationary pressure
WAL is burned when users pay for storage and when providers are penalised. This reduces total supply over time and aligns long-term incentives with network health.
Token distribution
Walrus has a fixed supply of 1 billion WAL tokens, allocated to balance community participation, development, and long-term sustainability:
Community reserve (43%) – Released gradually until March 2033User distribution (10%) – 4% allocated before mainnet and 6% at launchSubsidies (10%) – Incentives for users and developers, unlocked over ~50 monthsCore contributors (30%) – Allocated to early developers and Mysten Labs, vested over four years with a one-year cliffInvestors (7%) – Unlocked 12 months after mainnet
This structure aims to keep contributors, investors, and users aligned over the long term.
Key design principles compared
Walrus prioritises several technical features that directly support reliable decentralised storage:
Sliver encoding – Enables file recovery even after widespread node failuresCross-coded replication – Distributes risk across providers using encoded redundancyProof-of-Authority – Adds a verifiable auditing layer to storage guaranteesDelegated staking – Ties economic outcomes to provider performance
Engineering effort is focused on these areas rather than maximising throughput or speculative features.
A pragmatic vision for decentralised storage
Walrus aims to be a storage layer optimised for the Sui ecosystem, balancing decentralisation with operational efficiency. Its use of PoA allows data to be sealed quickly and verified deterministically, while its incentive structure rewards uptime and penalises data loss.
Challenges remain. Walrus must attract enough storage providers to ensure redundancy, maintain a robust and diverse Sealer network, and ensure its token economics remain sustainable for early participants. If these conditions are met, Walrus could become a foundational storage layer for Sui—one where data is reliably available, economically secured, and governed by clear incentives rather than trust assumptions.
@Walrus 🦭/acc $WAL #walrus

Stablecoins such as USDT and USDC have long outgrown their role as niche crypto instruments. With hundreds of billions of dollars in circulation and trillions in annual transaction volume, they now function as a parallel dollar system. Yet the blockchains that carry them—Ethereum, Tron, Solana, and others—were never designed primarily for money movement. They were optimised for smart contracts, experimentation, and speculation, not for fast, predictable, low-cost transfers at global scale.
Plasma challenges this mismatch by inverting the design logic. Instead of treating stablecoins as secondary assets riding on general-purpose chains, Plasma is built as a blockchain where stablecoins sit at the core of the system.
Stablecoins as cash, not crypto abstractions
Plasma is a Layer-1 network designed to make stablecoins function like everyday money. On most blockchains, users must hold and spend a volatile native token—ETH, SOL, or similar—just to move dollar-denominated assets. This creates unnecessary friction: people are forced into speculative exposure simply to send or receive dollars.
Plasma removes that requirement. Transfers of USDT are gas-sponsored at the protocol level, making stablecoin payments effectively free by default. Sending USDT on Plasma is intended to feel closer to sending a message than executing a financial transaction.
This design choice reframes stablecoins not as “crypto assets,” but as digital cash.
Why this matters
Consider the implications: companies paying global payrolls without intermediaries, merchants accepting dollar payments in real time, and cross-border remittances without excessive fees or exposure to volatile assets. Plasma is not trying to generalise crypto further—it is deliberately narrow in focus. Its thesis is simple: stablecoins first, everything else second.
That focus is reflected directly in the network’s architecture:
1. PlasmaBFT consensus
Plasma uses a modified Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus mechanism designed for speed and determinism. It delivers sub-second finality, near-instant confirmations, and throughput in the thousands of transactions per second—requirements for money to behave like money.
2. Full EVM compatibility
Developers familiar with Ethereum tooling—MetaMask, Hardhat, Solidity—can deploy on Plasma without retraining or rewriting their stack. This lowers the barrier to building real financial applications rather than experimental prototypes.
3. Gas abstraction
Users can pay transaction fees in stablecoins or bridged Bitcoin-based assets. The native token, XPL, is not required for basic stablecoin transfers, reinforcing Plasma’s goal of minimising friction for everyday usage.
Beyond payments: an expanding financial stack
While stablecoin transfers were the initial focus, Plasma’s scope has widened into a broader financial infrastructure.
Cross-chain liquidity via NEAR Intents
In January 2026, Plasma integrated with NEAR Intents, becoming the first network to use this liquidity-routing framework. This connects Plasma to more than 25 blockchains and over 125 assets, enabling seamless routing and swapping of USDT and XPL across major ecosystems.
Liquidity is the lifeblood of financial networks. This integration allows Plasma to support larger settlements, higher trading volumes, and real commercial flows without being constrained by its own chain’s liquidity alone.
A trust-minimised Bitcoin bridge
Plasma also introduces a Bitcoin bridge designed to minimise trust assumptions. Users can deposit BTC and receive a one-to-one wrapped representation (pBTC) on Plasma. This asset can be used for payments, collateral, or DeFi activity without relying on fully centralised custody.
By connecting Bitcoin—the largest crypto asset—to programmable stablecoin rails, Plasma extends its reach beyond dollar transfers alone.
Confidential payments (in development)
Plasma is exploring a privacy layer that enables confidential transactions, concealing amounts and participants while preserving compliance and compatibility with existing wallets and applications. This capability targets real-world use cases such as payroll, treasury management, and corporate settlements.
Plasma One: stablecoin-native neobanking
Plasma’s ambitions extend beyond infrastructure. Plasma One, a stablecoin-based neobank product, has already been previewed. It offers zero-fee transfers, virtual cards, and multi-country rewards, signalling an intent to deliver consumer-ready financial products—not just blockchains.
The role of XPL: purpose without coercion
Like most networks, Plasma has a native token—XPL—but its role is deliberately constrained:
Network security

Validators stake XPL to secure the network and earn rewards.Advanced operations

While basic stablecoin transfers are gas-abstracted, complex smart-contract interactions and advanced actions require XPL or other approved assets.Governance

XPL holders participate in shaping the network’s long-term direction.
Crucially, users are not forced to acquire XPL simply to move stablecoins. The token supports the network’s stability and governance rather than acting as a toll for basic usage.
Plasma’s position in 2026
Plasma is an evolving system, but several signals stand out:
Cross-chain integrations like NEAR Intents significantly expand liquidity and reach.Consumer-facing products such as Plasma One show a clear orientation toward real users.Technical work on confidential payments and Bitcoin connectivity increases applicability to institutional and enterprise finance.
This is not a dormant experiment—it is an actively developed payment-focused network.
Conclusion: why the Plasma thesis matters
Historically, blockchain platforms only gain lasting relevance once they solve concrete problems. Email succeeded because it moved messages cheaply and reliably; the web succeeded because it made information accessible. Plasma applies the same logic to money.
Stablecoins are already the most widely used crypto assets. Plasma asks a straightforward question: if stablecoins are digital dollars, why not build infrastructure that treats them as such?
Rather than trying to be everything at once, Plasma focuses on doing one thing well—moving money efficiently. In a global financial system undergoing rapid transformation, that restraint may be its greatest strength.
@Plasma #Plasma $XPL

Why Dusk matters
Dusk is a Layer-1 blockchain designed to reconcile two forces that are often treated as incompatible: transactional privacy and regulatory verification. It enables confidential transactions while still allowing authorised oversight when legally required. This makes it possible for businesses to issue security tokens without sacrificing the confidentiality standards expected in traditional finance.
Dusk does not attempt to reinvent finance from scratch. Instead, it upgrades its foundations through cryptography. Advanced privacy mechanisms, a fairness-oriented consensus model, and a legally aware design philosophy work together to demonstrate that compliance and confidentiality need not be in tension—provided they are engineered as a single system from the outset.
Core innovations

Proof-of-Blind Bid (PoBB)

Dusk introduces a novel consensus mechanism that blends proof-of-stake with sealed-bid auctions. Validators submit encrypted bids backed by staked collateral, and block producers are selected based on a mix of randomness and bid value. Because bids remain hidden, capital alone cannot guarantee influence. This mitigates the structural tendency of traditional proof-of-stake systems to concentrate power among the largest holders.

Zero-knowledge infrastructure

The network employs modern zero-knowledge systems, including Plonk-based circuits and Bulletproofs, to enable confidential transactions. Transaction values, senders, and recipients remain hidden, while the protocol can still verify correctness and rule compliance. Crucially, selective disclosure allows auditors or regulators to access specific transaction details without exposing the entire ledger.

A compliance-native token standard (XSC)

Dusk’s Confidential Security Contract (XSC) standard embeds regulatory logic directly into token design. Features such as identity attestations, transfer restrictions, whitelisting, and recovery mechanisms can be enforced at the protocol level. This makes the standard suitable for real-world securities, where regulatory constraints are not optional.

Decentralised auditability without trust leakage

Rather than defaulting to full transparency, Dusk relies on cryptographic commitments that can be revealed selectively. Asset holders can grant view-only access using dedicated keys, without relinquishing control or exposing unrelated activity. This replaces blanket disclosure with targeted accountability.
Ecosystem maturity and operational focus
Dusk has progressed through multiple testnets and incentive programmes, allowing its assumptions to be tested under real conditions by developers and validators. Its tooling has already been used by private entities experimenting with tokenised equities and corporate bonds, demonstrating applicability beyond purely crypto-native use cases.
A defining characteristic of Dusk’s development is its industrial mindset. Stability, predictable upgrades, and developer ergonomics take precedence over rapid feature expansion. While this pace may appear conservative compared to speculative chains, it aligns closely with the operational realities of institutions operating under regulatory scrutiny.
Adoption data reflects this trajectory. Interest in Dusk and similar compliance-oriented privacy networks continues to grow, indicating rising demand for infrastructure that integrates with existing financial systems rather than attempting to bypass them.
Privacy with compliance, not against it
In jurisdictions governed by frameworks such as Europe’s MiCA regulation and strict AML requirements, privacy alone is insufficient. Blockchain infrastructure must accommodate regulators, auditors, and issuers simultaneously. Dusk addresses this through three guiding principles:
Privacy by default

Transaction confidentiality protects business strategy and sensitive personal or corporate data.Auditability on demand

Selective disclosure keys enable lawful inspection without exposing unrelated activity.Rules enforced in code

Compliance logic is embedded directly into smart contracts rather than relying on off-chain enforcement.
This approach positions Dusk between fully opaque systems that struggle with regulation and fully transparent ledgers that leak sensitive information. Regulated finance requires nuance, not absolutes—and Dusk is structured accordingly.
How PoBB reshapes validator fairness
In conventional proof-of-stake systems, influence scales linearly with stake size, encouraging long-term centralisation. Proof-of-Blind Bid alters these dynamics. By concealing bids and introducing randomness, smaller validators retain a meaningful chance of participation, while large operators cannot reliably dominate block production.
This improves competition and reduces systemic concentration—an important consideration for regulated environments where decentralisation and fairness are not merely ideological, but operational concerns.
Why security tokens demand privacy
Security tokens represent claims on real assets such as equities and bonds. Issuers must safeguard sensitive information while maintaining verifiable audit trails. Privacy is essential for:
Preserving competitive strategy and internal operationsComplying with data-protection laws such as GDPRPreventing front-running and market manipulation
Regulators are already exploring this space through initiatives like the EU Digital Finance Package and tokenisation sandboxes. Dusk aligns its technical architecture with these legal developments from the outset, rather than retrofitting compliance after deployment.
The path toward mainstream adoption
As capital markets continue to digitise, on-chain issuance and settlement are likely to become part of core financial infrastructure. Dusk’s long-term ambition is to serve as a settlement layer for regulated assets, particularly within Europe. Key milestones include:
Mainnet deployment with formal audits and long-term stability guaranteesIntegration with exchanges, custodians, and clearing institutionsBroader adoption of the XSC standard for compliant asset issuanceParticipation in regulatory sandboxes to align legal and technical frameworks
Closing perspective
Dusk is not a privacy coin pursuing obscurity. It is an attempt to build financial infrastructure that preserves confidentiality, enforces regulation, and distributes power fairly. By combining Proof-of-Blind Bid consensus, zero-knowledge cryptography, selective auditability, and compliance-ready contracts, Dusk offers a coherent answer to a difficult question: how to build a blockchain institutions can trust without making everything public.
Rather than framing transparency and privacy as opposites, Dusk demonstrates that they can reinforce each other. If tokenised securities and regulated on-chain markets become standard, systems like Dusk may form the quiet backbone of that future—compliant, dependable, and deliberately unflashy.
@Dusk $DUSK #dusk

At a glance, Vanar may look like another smart-contract blockchain. Look closer, however, and it resembles something more akin to a digital nervous system—one designed to store experiences, handle micro-payments, and connect virtual environments with tangible, real-world assets. This paper explores Vanar through that lens, examining how its memory architecture, fixed-fee economics, and AI-driven agents come together to form an integrated ecosystem spanning finance, gaming, and real-world asset tokenisation.
An AI-native approach to memory
Traditional blockchains treat data as immutable records—static and irreversible. Vanar takes a different approach with Neutron, a neural engine capable of compressing rich media into compact, on-chain “seeds.” For example, a 4K video file of roughly 25 MB can be summarised and compressed using a Neural-Enhanced Adversarial Transformer model, producing a seed of just 47 characters. This seed is stored on-chain, while the full content can be reconstructed whenever needed.
This design avoids blockchain bloat while enabling applications to embed context and experience directly into transaction history. Games, films, or financial products can reference lived moments rather than simple hashes. Imagine a tokenised concert ticket that contains a playable, compressed memory of the performance itself—an experience, not just proof of ownership.
Building on this foundation is myNeutron, a user-facing product launched in October 2025. It allows individuals to create personal AI agents that manage digital content, interact with games, and offer context-aware guidance. These agents operate off-chain but draw on a user’s historical interactions, owned assets, preferences, and achievements—functioning as personalised digital stewards.
Crucially, these agents go beyond conversational interfaces. They can execute actions within decentralised applications, trade assets, manage micro-payments, and query the memory layer for contextual insight. In a future where AI agents are ubiquitous, blockchains like Vanar may become their native operating environment, much as the web became the substrate for online services.
Fairness, speed, and sustainability
For a blockchain to serve as a payment backbone, it must be fast, affordable, and equitable. Vanar employs a hybrid consensus model combining Proof-of-Authority and Proof-of-Reputation. Early on, validators are operated by the Vanar Foundation. Over time, validation opens to the community, with reputation determined by staking, historical performance, and peer feedback.
This hybrid approach enables rapid block finality while progressively decentralising control and rewarding reliable participants.
Vanar also adopts a fixed-fee transaction model. Transactions are processed on a first-in, first-out basis and cost approximately 0.05 US cents. Blocks are produced every three seconds with high gas limits, making real-time gaming and frequent micro-transactions viable. Fees remain constant regardless of network congestion, eliminating bidding wars and providing cost predictability for both developers and users.
From an environmental standpoint, the network operates on carbon-neutral infrastructure and offsets remaining emissions. Sustainability is embedded at a structural level rather than treated as a branding exercise.
Incentive alignment through tokenomics
Vanar’s economy is powered by its native token, VANRY. The total supply is capped at 2.4 billion tokens. Half of this supply is allocated to redeem the predecessor TVK token, while the remainder is released gradually over a 20-year period.
New emissions primarily reward validators who actively secure the network, with smaller allocations reserved for development funding and community airdrops. Notably, there are no team-reserved tokens. The success of the ecosystem is therefore directly tied to the productivity and impact of its developers. Block rewards decrease over time, encouraging early participation while supporting long-term value creation.
This structure creates a positive feedback loop: validators secure the network and earn rewards, developers receive funding to build applications, and users benefit from low fees and incentive mechanisms. Fixed fees lower barriers to entry, making even very small transactions economically viable. While tokenomics alone cannot guarantee adoption, well-aligned incentives provide a strong foundation for sustainable growth.
Beyond gaming: bridging digital and physical economies
Vanar is built atop the Virtua metaverse and maintains full compatibility with Ethereum tooling. Existing games and applications can migrate without rewriting smart contracts. Thanks to low transaction costs and rapid block times, in-game assets—such as weapons, skins, or achievements—can be traded instantly during live gameplay.
The platform is also expanding into decentralised finance, with plans for exchanges, lending protocols, and cross-chain bridges. One of the most compelling frontiers is real-world asset tokenisation. Through collaboration with Worldpay, Vanar aims to integrate stablecoins and AI agents into regulated payment rails, enabling automated, compliant settlement processes.
Consider a smart electricity meter that issues micro-payments in real time based on energy consumption, or fractional ownership of carbon credits that directly funds environmental initiatives. These use cases become practical due to Vanar’s low fees and sustainability-first design. By combining AI agents, compressed memory, and cost-efficient transactions, the network links digital experiences with physical systems.
A layered, extensible stack
Vanar’s architecture is modular rather than rigid. Smart contracts operate within a runtime layer, while the Neutron layer handles AI-based compression and summarisation. Off-chain storage is managed separately, and cross-chain bridges connect Ethereum, Polygon, and other networks. Integration with machine-learning systems enables more advanced AI capabilities throughout the stack.
Rather than positioning itself as a competitor to Ethereum, Vanar functions as a complementary middle layer—extending existing blockchains with memory, intelligence, and agent-driven interaction.
The roadmap reflects this evolution. In early 2024, TVK tokens were migrated, followed by the launch of myNeutron in October 2025. Subsequent partnerships with AI and payment providers signal a deliberate shift from a gaming-focused origin toward a broader finance and AI-centric platform.
Visualising the ecosystem
The Vanar ecosystem encompasses users, validators, developers, AI agents, and physical assets. On-chain AI agents interact with users and manage assets and services. Validators secure the network and earn rewards. Developers build games and financial tools on the EVM-compatible runtime. Regulated gateways enable the tokenisation of real-world assets—such as real estate, commodities, and carbon credits—for integration with off-chain markets.
A living digital infrastructure
Speed alone is not Vanar’s ultimate goal. The project aims to create a living foundation for future digital economies by unifying neural memory, autonomous AI agents, predictable micro-payments, and environmentally responsible infrastructure. Experiences are captured as verifiable memory, assets and interactions are managed by intelligent agents, and hybrid consensus balances efficiency with fairness. With fixed fees and carbon-neutral operations, Vanar positions itself as both accessible and accountable—an infrastructure designed not just to process transactions, but to remember, adapt, and evolve.

@Vanarchain $VANRY #vanar