Vitalik, the founder of Ethereum, recently made it clear in an article that he hopes that most applications will eventually run on Ethereum's second-layer extensions. He does not only regard these extensions as an improvement in Ethereum's performance, but also as blockchain "countries" with their own characteristics that develop freely under the control of Ethereum. These second-layer extensions have begun to develop their own characteristics and circles, such as active social applications on Base, wildly growing but quality-guaranteed applications on Arbitrum, and institutionally supported applications on Optimism.

After these extensions have formed their own characteristics, they will attract more similar applications to join, thereby strengthening their characteristics. In the long run, there may be countless communities and groups on Ethereum in the form of second-layer extensions, each with its own culture, values, and community atmosphere. What Ethereum will build in the future will not only be an ecosystem, but a federation of network countries based on blockchain, and Ethereum will become the ultimate authority of this federation.

The next innovation in the Ethereum ecosystem may be nurtured in countless sub-chains based on second-layer extensions. This outbreak will no longer be an outbreak of a single application scenario, but an outbreak based on the chain ecosystem. This explosion will be a resonance of applications around a specific theme or a specific culture. Once a chain ecosystem explodes because of a certain theme or culture, all applications on this chain will explode together.