cryptoseries

📚 Blockchain tīkli darbojas, balstoties uz programmatūru un noteikumu kopumu, ko visi tīkla dalībnieki ievēro.
Tomēr dažreiz šie noteikumi jāmaina.
Izstrādātāji var vēlēties pievienot jaunas funkcijas, uzlabot drošību vai labot problēmas protokolā.
Kad blockchain programmatūra tiek atjaunināta vai modificēta, tā var radīt kaut ko, ko sauc par fork.
Fork blockchain nozīmē, ka tīkls sadalās dažādās programmatūras vai ķēdes versijās.
Tas notiek, kad dalībnieki sāk ievērot dažādus noteikumu kopumus.

📚 Lietojot kriptovalūtu maku, viens no vissvarīgākajiem jēdzieniem, kas jāizprot, ir privātā atslēga.
Jūsu privātā atslēga ir tā, kas patiesi dod jums kontroli pār jūsu kriptovalūtu.
Blokķēdes sistēmās īpašumtiesības nenosaka jūsu vārds vai identitāte.
Tā vietā to nosaka kriptogrāfiskās atslēgas.
Privātā atslēga ir slepena kriptogrāfisku datu daļa, kas ļauj jums piekļūt un kontrolēt savu kriptovalūtu.
To izmanto, lai parakstītu darījumus un pierādītu, ka esat līdzekļu īpašnieks.
Ikviens, kam ir privātā atslēga, var pārvietot ar to saistītos aktīvus.

📚 CRYPTO 101 — ARTICLE #58: Kas ir transakcijas hash
Kad jūs nosūtāt vai saņemat kriptovalūtu, katra transakcija tiek ierakstīta blokķēdē.
Bet kā jūs varat izsekot konkrētu darījumu starp tūkstošiem vai pat miljoniem citu?
Šeit transakcijas hash kļūst svarīga.
Transakcijas hash ir unikāla rakstzīmju virkne, kas identificē konkrētu transakciju blokķēdē.
Tas darbojas kā digitālais kvīts vai izsekošanas kods.
Katram darījumam ir sava hash, un neviena divu darījumu nav vienāda.

📚 Iepriekšējā rakstā mēs uzzinājām, kā hashi palīdz nodrošināt blockķēdi.
Tagad nākamais jautājums ir, kā jauni bloki faktiski tiek pievienoti blockķēdei.
Šo procesu sauc par ieguvi.
Ieguve ir mehānisms, kas ļauj blockķēdes tīklam pārbaudīt darījumus un pievienot jaunus blokus ķēdei.
Tas ir arī process, caur kuru tiek radīta jauna kriptovalūta.
Blockķēdes tīklā, piemēram, Bitcoin, tūkstošiem datoru visā pasaulē sacenšas, lai apstiprinātu darījumus.
Šos datorus sauc par ieguvējiem.

📚 Kad cilvēki sāk mācīties par kripto, viņi bieži dzird divus izplatītākos terminus: monētas un tokenus.
Pirmajā brīdī šie vārdi var izklausīties tā, it kā tie nozīmētu to pašu.
Bet kriptovalūtu pasaulē monētas un tokeni patiesībā attiecas uz dažādiem digitālo aktīvu veidiem.
Izpratne par šo atšķirību var palīdzēt labāk saprast, kā darbojas kripto ekosistēma.
Token ir digitālais aktīvs, kas tiek izveidots uz esošas blokķēdes pamata.
Tā vietā, lai izveidotu savu blokķēdi, token izmanto citas tīkla infrastruktūru.

📚 Iepriekšējā rakstā mēs uzzinājām, ka cieta dakša var sadalīt blokķēdi divās atsevišķās tīklos.
Bet ne katrs uzlabojums izraisa sadalījumu.
Daži atjauninājumi var tikt veikti, vienlaikus saglabājot tīklu saderīgu ar vecajiem noteikumiem.
Šis uzlabojumu veids tiek dēvēts par mīksto dakšu.
Mīksta dakša ir blokķēdes atjauninājums, kas maina noteiktus noteikumus, bet paliek saderīgs ar iepriekšējo versiju.
Datori, kas veiks uzlabojumus, sekos jaunajiem noteikumiem, kamēr datori, kas neizdara uzlabojumus, joprojām var atpazīt jaunās blokus kā derīgas.

📚 Kad blokķēdes tīkli aug, tiem jāspēj apstrādāt vairāk lietotāju un vairāk darījumu.
Tomēr daudzas blokķēdes apstrādā katru darījumu katrā tīkla mezglā.
Tas var ierobežot, cik ātri sistēma var paplašināties.
Lai atrisinātu šo problēmu, izstrādātāji ieviesa jēdzienu, ko sauc par shardingu.
Shardings ir metode, kā sadalīt blokķēdes tīklu mazākās daļās, ko sauc par shardiem.
Katrs shards apstrādā savu darījumu kopu, nevis ļauj visam tīklam apstrādāt visu.
Tas ļauj sistēmai apstrādāt daudzus darījumus vienlaikus.

📚 When developers build applications on a blockchain, they cannot test everything directly on the real network.
Mistakes on the real blockchain can cost real money.
To solve this problem, blockchains usually provide two different environments: testnet and mainnet.
Mainnet is the real blockchain network where actual transactions happen and real cryptocurrency is used.
Testnet is a separate network designed for testing and experimentation.
Developers use testnets to try new applications, test smart contracts, and fix bugs before launching on the real network.
Here are the key ideas behind testnet and mainnet.
1️⃣ Mainnet is the real blockchain
Transactions on the mainnet involve real assets and permanent records.
2️⃣ Testnet is used for testing
Developers can safely experiment without risking real money.
3️⃣ Testnet coins have no real value
The tokens used on testnets are free and only exist for testing purposes.
4️⃣ Applications usually launch on testnet first
Before releasing a project to the public, developers test it carefully on a test network.
A simple example can help explain this idea.
Imagine a company building a new airplane.
Before flying real passengers, the engineers run many tests and simulations.
They check the systems, fix problems, and make improvements.
Only after everything works properly do they allow the plane to operate in the real world.
Blockchain developers follow a similar process.
They test their applications on testnets first and only move to the mainnet when the system is ready.
This helps reduce risks and improves the reliability of blockchain applications.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What a blockchain fork is and why networks sometimes create new versions of their protocol.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 Not all blockchains are designed in the same way.
Some blockchains are open for anyone to use, while others are restricted to specific participants.
This leads to two main categories: public blockchains and private blockchains.
Both use blockchain technology, but they serve different purposes and operate under different rules.
Understanding the difference helps explain why some blockchains focus on decentralization while others focus on control and efficiency.
A public blockchain is a network that anyone can access and participate in.
Anyone can send transactions, view data, and often help secure the network.
Most well-known cryptocurrencies run on public blockchains.
A private blockchain is a network that is controlled by a specific organization or group.
Only approved participants are allowed to access the system or validate transactions.
Here are the key differences.
1️⃣ Access to the network
Public blockchains allow anyone to join and participate.
Private blockchains require permission from the organization controlling the network.
2️⃣ Level of decentralization
Public blockchains are usually decentralized across many independent participants.
Private blockchains are more centralized and controlled by a specific entity.
3️⃣ Transparency
Public blockchains allow anyone to view transactions and blockchain data.
Private blockchains restrict access to selected participants.
4️⃣ Common use cases
Public blockchains are often used for cryptocurrencies and decentralized applications.
Private blockchains are commonly used by companies for internal systems.
A simple example can help explain this idea.
Imagine two different types of databases.
One is a public online document where anyone can read and contribute information.
The other is a company’s internal database that only employees can access.
Public blockchains work like the open document.
Private blockchains work like the company’s internal system.
Both use similar technology, but their access rules are very different.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What a crypto wallet is and how it allows users to store and manage their digital assets.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 Blockchains store huge amounts of data.
Every transaction, block, and smart contract interaction is recorded permanently on the network.
However, accessing and searching through this raw blockchain data can be very slow and complicated.
Applications often need a faster way to find specific information.
This is where indexers become useful.
An indexer is a tool that organizes and structures blockchain data so it can be searched and accessed quickly.
Instead of reading the entire blockchain every time, applications can query the indexed data directly.
This makes it much easier for wallets, dashboards, and decentralized applications to display information.
Here are the key ideas behind indexers.
1️⃣ Organizes blockchain data
Indexers process raw blockchain data and store it in a structured format.
2️⃣ Makes data easier to search
Applications can quickly find transactions, balances, and contract events.
3️⃣ Supports decentralized applications
Many dApps rely on indexers to show real-time information to users.
4️⃣ Improves performance
Without indexers, applications would need to scan the blockchain repeatedly, which would be slow and inefficient.
A simple example can help explain this idea.
Imagine a huge library with millions of books but no catalog system.
Finding a specific book would require searching every shelf.
Now imagine the library creates a digital catalog that lists every book and where it is located.
Instead of searching the entire library, you simply look up the catalog.
Indexers work in a similar way.
They create an organized index of blockchain data so applications can find information quickly.
This makes blockchain data much more usable for developers and users.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What RPC is and how applications communicate with blockchain networks.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 In the previous article, we learned that rollups help blockchains process many transactions more efficiently by grouping them together.
However, there are different types of rollups.
One of the most advanced types is called a zk-rollup.
A zk-rollup is a Layer 2 scaling solution that uses cryptography to prove that a group of transactions is valid.
The “zk” in zk-rollup stands for zero-knowledge.
This refers to a special type of cryptographic proof that can confirm information without revealing all the underlying data.
With zk-rollups, thousands of transactions can be processed off the main blockchain.
Instead of sending every transaction to Layer 1, the system sends a mathematical proof that shows the transactions are valid.
Here are the key ideas behind zk-rollups.
1️⃣ Uses cryptographic proofs
zk-rollups generate mathematical proofs that verify many transactions at once.
2️⃣ Processes transactions off-chain
Most of the transaction processing happens outside the main blockchain.
3️⃣ Sends a proof to Layer 1
Instead of sending full transaction data, the system submits a compact proof to the main chain.
4️⃣ Improves scalability and security
The blockchain can confirm large numbers of transactions while still maintaining strong security.
A simple example can help explain this idea.
Imagine a teacher who needs to check the answers of thousands of students.
Instead of reviewing every step of every solution, the teacher receives a special certificate proving that all answers were checked correctly.
Because the proof is reliable, the teacher can accept the results quickly.
zk-rollups work in a similar way.
They process many transactions off-chain and then send a cryptographic proof to the blockchain showing that everything is valid.
This makes zk-rollups one of the most efficient scaling technologies in the blockchain ecosystem.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What optimistic rollups are and how they use a different method to verify transactions.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

Now that we understand what blockchain is the next question is how it actually works.
When someone sends cryptocurrency, the transacti
on is not processed by a bank or payment company.
Instead, the transaction is handled by a network of computers around the world.
These computers follow a set of rules to verify and record transactions on the blockchain.
Once the transaction is confirmed, it becomes part of the permanent history of the network.
Even though the technology behind blockchain can be complex, the basic process is quite simple.
Every transaction goes through a few important steps before it is permanently recorded.
Here are the main steps that explain how blockchain works.
1️⃣ A transaction is created
When someone sends cryptocurrency, the transaction is broadcast to the network.
2️⃣ The network verifies the transaction
Computers in the network check if the sender actually has the funds and if the transaction follows the system’s rules.
3️⃣ Transactions are grouped together
Verified transactions are collected and placed into a block.
4️⃣ The block is added to the blockchain
Once confirmed by the network, the block is linked to the previous block and becomes part of the permanent chain.
A simple example can help illustrate this process.
Imagine Alice wants to send Bitcoin to Bob.
First, Alice creates a transaction and sends it to the network.
Then many computers in the network check whether Alice actually owns the Bitcoin she is trying to send.
If the transaction is valid, it is placed together with other transactions into a block.
Once the block is confirmed, it is added to the blockchain and the payment is officially recorded.
From that moment, the transaction becomes part of the public history of the network.
This process is important because it allows cryptocurrency to work without relying on banks or central authorities.
Instead of trusting one company, the system relies on a network of participants who verify and maintain the records together.
This is one of the key innovations that makes blockchain technology powerful.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What a block is and what kind of data is stored inside it.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

In the previous articles, we talked about Bitcoin and the mysterious creator behind it.
But Bitcoin cannot exist without a technology called blockchain.
Blockchain is the system that records every transaction that happens in the network.
Understanding blockchain is important because it is the foundation of almost every cryptocurrency today.
At its simplest, blockchain is a digital ledger.
A ledger is just a record that keeps track of transactions. Banks use ledgers to track deposits and payments.
Blockchain works in a similar way, but with one major difference.
Instead of being controlled by a single bank or company, the ledger is shared across many computers around the world.
These computers constantly verify and store the same transaction history.
When new transactions happen, they are added to the system and become part of a permanent record.
Once the data is recorded, it becomes extremely difficult to change or remove.
Here are the key ideas that define blockchain.
1️⃣ A shared digital record
Blockchain is a ledger that is stored across many computers instead of one central authority.
2️⃣ Transactions are grouped into blocks
New transactions are collected together and stored inside blocks of data.
3️⃣ Blocks are connected in a chain
Each block is linked to the previous block, creating a continuous chain of information.
4️⃣ The data becomes very difficult to change
Once a block is added to the chain, altering it would require controlling a huge part of the network.
A simple example can make this easier to understand.
Imagine a notebook that records every payment made in a group of friends.
Instead of one person holding the notebook, everyone has the same copy.
Whenever someone sends money, everyone updates their copy at the same time.
Because the records are shared, it becomes very difficult for anyone to secretly change the history.
This is very similar to how blockchain works.
Blockchain matters because it allows people to trust the system without needing to trust a central authority like a bank.
It creates transparency, security, and decentralization.
That is why blockchain became the foundation of the entire cryptocurrency ecosystem.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
How blockchain actually works behind the scenes when transactions are processed.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 Lietojot kriptovalūtu, viss notiek blokķēdē.
Katra darījuma, maka bilance un bloks tiek publiski reģistrēti.
Bet pati blokķēde nav viegli lasāma parastajiem lietotājiem.
Tāpēc blokķēdes izpētītāji ir svarīgi.
Blokķēdes izpētītājs ir rīks, kas ļauj jums skatīt un meklēt datus blokķēdē.
Tas darbojas kā meklētājs, bet nevis meklējot tīmekļa vietnes, bet meklējot blokķēdes datus.
Ar izpētītāju jūs varat izsekot darījumiem, pārbaudīt maka bilances un redzēt, kas notiek tīklā reāllaikā.

📚 Gaisa pilieni ir izplatīts veids, kā kripto projekti izdala bezmaksas žetonus lietotājiem.
Tomēr krāpnieki bieži izmanto šo ideju, lai apmānītu cilvēkus.
Tas ir pazīstams kā viltus gaisa piliens.
Viltus gaisa piliens ir krāpšana, kurā uzbrucēji izliekas, ka dāvina bezmaksas žetonus, bet patiesībā mēģina nozagt jūsu aktīvus vai sensitīvu informāciju.
Viņi izmanto pievilcīgus piedāvājumus, lai pievilinātu lietotājus savienot savas makus vai dalīties ar personīgiem datiem.
Šeit ir galvenās idejas, kas stāv aiz viltus gaisa pilieniem.
1️⃣ Solījumi par bezmaksas žetoniem
Krāpnieki reklamē bezmaksas balvas, lai piesaistītu uzmanību un radītu satraukumu.

📚 Cryptocurrency prices can move very quickly.
It is common to see coins rise or fall by large percentages within a short period of time.
While this volatility can create opportunities, it can also make cryptocurrencies difficult to use for everyday transactions.
This is where stablecoins come in.
A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable price.
Instead of fluctuating widely like many other cryptocurrencies, stablecoins are usually linked to the value of a stable asset.
Most commonly, they are pegged to fiat currencies such as the US dollar.
For example, many stablecoins aim to keep a value close to 1 US dollar.
This stability makes them useful for trading, payments, and storing value inside the crypto ecosystem.
Here are the key ideas behind stablecoins.
1️⃣ Stablecoins are designed to keep a stable price
Their value usually stays close to a specific asset, such as the US dollar.
2️⃣ Many stablecoins are backed by reserves
Some projects hold cash or other assets in reserve to support the value of the stablecoin.
3️⃣ Stablecoins are widely used in crypto trading
Traders often move funds into stablecoins to avoid market volatility.
4️⃣ Stablecoins help connect crypto and traditional finance
Because they track real-world currencies, stablecoins make it easier to move between crypto and fiat systems.
A simple example can make this easier to understand.
Imagine a trader who sells Bitcoin after the price increases.
Instead of converting the money back to a bank account, the trader might convert it into a stablecoin.
This allows the trader to keep funds inside the crypto market while avoiding sudden price swings.
Stablecoins play an important role in the crypto ecosystem.
They provide stability in a market that can often be unpredictable.
Because of this, stablecoins are widely used for trading, payments, and decentralized finance applications.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
Some of the most common types of cryptocurrencies and how they differ from each other.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 As the crypto industry has grown, thousands of different cryptocurrencies have been created.
However, not all cryptocurrencies serve the same purpose.
Some are designed to be used as digital money, while others support applications, payments, or decentralized systems.
Understanding the main categories of cryptocurrencies can make the crypto world much easier to navigate.
Instead of thinking of crypto as one single type of asset, it is better to see it as an ecosystem with different roles.
Here are some of the most common types of cryptocurrencies.
1️⃣ Payment cryptocurrencies
These are designed mainly to transfer value between users. Bitcoin is the most well-known example and is often used as digital money.
2️⃣ Platform cryptocurrencies
Some cryptocurrencies power blockchain platforms that allow developers to build applications. These networks often support smart contracts and decentralized apps.
3️⃣ Stablecoins
Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to maintain a stable price, usually by tracking the value of a fiat currency like the US dollar.
4️⃣ Utility tokens
These tokens are used within specific platforms or applications. They may provide access to services, features, or governance in a project.
A simple example can help explain these differences.
Imagine the crypto ecosystem as a digital economy.
Some cryptocurrencies act like money used for payments.
Others function like infrastructure that allows developers to build new services.
And some are designed to stay stable so users can avoid price volatility when trading or storing funds.
Because the crypto industry is still evolving, new categories of cryptocurrencies continue to appear over time.
But most projects usually fall into one of these basic groups.
Learning these categories helps beginners understand what different cryptocurrencies are actually designed to do.
Instead of looking only at price, it becomes easier to understand the purpose of a project.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What smart contracts are and how they allow programs to run directly on blockchain networks.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 In the previous article, we looked at different types of cryptocurrencies.
Many modern blockchain platforms support something called smart contracts.
Smart contracts are one of the key innovations that expanded what blockchains can do.
Instead of only sending and receiving money, blockchains can also run programs.
A smart contract is a program that runs automatically on a blockchain.
It contains rules written in code that execute when certain conditions are met.
Once the contract is deployed on the blockchain, it operates exactly according to its programmed rules.
No bank, company, or third party is required to enforce it.
Because the contract runs on the blockchain, the results are transparent and cannot easily be changed.
Here are the key ideas behind smart contracts.
1️⃣ Smart contracts are programs on the blockchain
They are pieces of code that automatically execute predefined instructions.
2️⃣ They run automatically when conditions are met
Once the required conditions are satisfied, the contract performs the action without human intervention.
3️⃣ They remove the need for intermediaries
Many agreements that normally require a middleman can be automated with smart contracts.
4️⃣ They are transparent and tamper-resistant
Since they exist on the blockchain, anyone can verify how they work and their results cannot easily be altered.
A simple example helps make this idea easier to understand.
Imagine renting an apartment.
Normally, you would sign a contract and rely on a landlord or a legal system to enforce the agreement.
With a smart contract, the rules could be written into code.
For example, once the payment is received, the digital key to the apartment could automatically be unlocked.
No manual approval would be needed.
This is a simplified example, but it shows how smart contracts can automate agreements.
Smart contracts are important because they allow developers to build decentralized applications.
These applications can provide services such as trading, lending, gaming, and many other activities without relying on centralized platforms.
This technology is one of the main reasons why blockchain ecosystems have grown so rapidly.
📌 In the next article, we’ll explore:
What gas fees are and why users need to pay them when interacting with blockchain networks.
If you’re just starting to learn about crypto, follow the Crypto 101 series as we build the foundation step by step. 🚀

#CryptoSeries

📚 Aiz katra blokķēdes tīkla ir liels skaits datoru, kas strādā kopā.
Šie datori tiek saukti par mezgliem.
Mezgls ir viens no vissvarīgākajiem blokķēdes sistēmas komponentiem.
Bez tiem tīkls nevarētu glabāt datus, pārbaudīt darījumus vai uzturēt blokķēdi.
Mezgls ir vienkārši dators, kas piedalās blokķēdes tīklā.
Tas savienojas ar citiem datoriem un palīdz uzturēt blokķēdes kopiju.
Kad notiek jauni darījumi, mezgli palīdz dalīties un pārbaudīt informāciju visā tīklā.