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Here's what underwriters actually do in an IPO:

1. They guarantee a portion of shares will be sold
If investors don't bite on the full offering, the underwriter buys the rest. That's their commitment—subject to terms.

2. They provide financial backing
Underwriter commits capital upfront so the company (like Dangote) has certainty they'll hit their funding target. Nigeria's SEC even requires proof of underwriting commitments during allotment.

3. They distribute shares to investors
Underwriters tap their network—institutional players, sovereign wealth funds, governments—to place the shares. They're the bridge between the company and big money.

In Dangote's case, the program targets sovereign wealth funds, governments, and institutional investors.

Learn before you earn.