Ethereum Foundation researcher Justin Drake announced on November 3 that leanVM had completed end-to-end formal verification. According to PANews, citing CryptoBriefing in a November 4 report, leanVM is a minimalist zkVM that aggregates hash-based post-quantum signatures into compact proofs and can process more than 1,000 leanXMSS aggregations per second. leanXMSS is a hash-based signature scheme planned to replace BLS in Ethereum's consensus layer. At Devcon 8, Drake set December 2028 as the target for Ethereum's full transition to post-quantum security, leaving time for the network forks required for the transition.