Why do most people miss one era after another? Because even a raging bull market is never smooth sailing.

People used to say that investing in U.S. stocks was easy: just pick leading tech companies and hold on to reap the benefits of the times. It wasn’t until markets kept plunging that they realized how difficult it could be. U.S. stocks have no limits on daily gains or losses, and the swings can often be more extreme than expected. A nearly 30% single-day plunge in Intel, for instance, would be hard to see in China’s A-share market. Even acknowledged industry leaders can face drastic valuation resets because of guidance that falls short of expectations or a temporary disruption to their business.

A long, sustained rally is always punctuated by sharp pullbacks, volatility, and panic-driven sell-offs. When caught up in them, it’s easy to be swept along by huge short-term swings: when prices fall, people question the long-term thesis and mistake a temporary correction for the end of the trend; when markets are volatile, anxiety makes it hard to hold on to high-quality stocks. Many people see only the outcome—the tech giants’ long-term climb—while overlooking the countless nerve-racking pullbacks along the way.

The rewards of an era are never a windfall you can simply sit back and enjoy. They come with turbulence, fear, and repeated tests. Those who can weather market cycles need not only to see the long-term direction clearly, but also to stay steadfast through the storms along the way—to hold on to their convictions when the market panics and not let short-term price moves distort their judgment of an industry or a company. Many people understand the big trend; they simply can’t withstand the bumps along the road. They give up again and again just before dawn, ultimately letting the opportunities of their era pass them by.