I've been asked this several times, so here's one answer for everyone.
Adam Back is a cryptographer who invented Hashcash in 1997.
In Bitcoin, rewriting a block in the past means redoing the proof of work for every block that follows, making tampering very costly.
$BTC 's mining mechanism is based on Adam Back's Hashcash concept.
What would you like to hear about next? Smart contracts or something else?

Personal notes only; not a recommendation to buy or sell.