Google Cloud connects to Ethereum via @puffer_preconf — top tech companies move directly to an “L2 execution gateway” rather than “off-chain cloud services.”

Stripe / PayPal / Google are using the L2 gateway model to integrate encrypted services, instead of building their own L1. This strategy of “not competing for the underlying layer, but doing the application layer” is the optimal path for big tech to encrypt—an order of magnitude better than Meta’s failed Diem attempt.