3. zkVM smart contract layer and confidential contracts. To execute complex financial logic, DUSK does not use the generic Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), but its own privacy-optimized infrastructure:
-zkVN (zero-knowledge Virtual Machine): A virtual machine designed natively to efficiently process and verify zero-knowledge proofs.
-Confidential smart contracts: Allow developers to program business rules where certain variables are public (such as the price of an asset) and others remain private (such as the identity of investors or the exact size of an order).
4. Kadcast network and communication layer To overcome bottlenecks in traditional propagation systems (gossip protocols), DUSK implements Kadcast. This is a routing protocol within the Kademlia structure (DHT). Instead of flooding the entire network with every block or vote, messages are transmitted through deterministic multicast routes based on network distances (XOR), which reduces bandwidth by 25% to 50%, improving speed and resilience under large traffic volumes.
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