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Do you remember the distinctive metallic screech of a modem connecting to the phone line? That sound was officially born at the commercial level in the late 1989 and 1990, when the company Software Tool & Die in Brookline, Massachusetts, founded The World, the first commercial ISP in the world. Before this milestone, using the Internet was strictly prohibited for the general public or for commercial purposes, limited only to military networks or university research.

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The year 1990 was etched into history as the moment when the global connectivity umbilical cord was cut forever. ARPANET, the precursor network to the Internet, was shut down permanently, ending its operations after more than two decades of service and fully handing the baton to the commercial and research networks that today underpin our everyday digital lives.
Developed in the late 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense, ARPANET was born with a military and academic purpose: to connect distant computers in a decentralized way. It was on this network where the first messages in history were sent and where packet-switching technology was successfully tested.

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ARPANET, a precursor to the internet, was used for the first time on October 29, 1969. Here is the network in 1970 after a year of existence.
The transition that took place in 1990 was not just a change of cables and servers; it was the birth of democratic digital culture. While ARPANET required advanced technical knowledge and government authorizations to be used, the new infrastructure opened the doors to creativity and the free flow of information. This turning point transformed users from mere passive viewers into content creators, planting the seed for forums, e-commerce, and global communities that define our interconnected society today.

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By 1990, the original ARPANET infrastructure had become obsolete in the face of new digital highways. Its shutdown did not mean a loss, but the successful culmination of an experiment. The military network gave way to NSFNET (the National Science Foundation network) and the first commercial Internet service providers (ISPs), which began bringing connectivity to the general public.
This event occurred in perfect parallel with Tim Berners-Lee’s developments at CERN, who in 1990 was precisely laying the foundations of the World Wide Web. While the old military network was dying, the Web was being born to transform the existing infrastructure into the universal tool we use today.

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The development completed during the 1990 Christmas break showed that the internet didn’t have to be an exclusive tool for computer specialists or military institutions. By unifying links, unique addresses, and a simple display language, Tim Berners-Lee laid the operational foundations of digital globalization. The code written in that CERN laboratory redefined the economy, access to knowledge, and communication for future generations.

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In parallel, Berners-Lee programmed the tool so that the average user could view the information: the world's first web browser, originally named WorldWideWeb (written all together).
[ NeXT Computer ] ---> [ Server Software ] ---> [ HTTP Protocol ]
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v
[ WorldWideWeb Browser ] (Text, links, and direct editing)
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Unlike today’s browsers, this first version didn’t just serve to consume content; it was also a real-time editor. Users could read a page and modify its text or add links directly from the interface.

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The software designed to host and serve these web pages was built on a NeXTcube computer (the innovative workstation created by Steve Jobs after his temporary departure from Apple). This machine became the first web server in history.
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Aware of the critical experiment he was running, Berners-Lee attached a red label to the computer’s casing with a handwritten warning: "This machine is a server. DO NOT SHUT DOWN!". It was from this machine that the first web page in history went live (cern.ch), dedicated to explaining to users how the Web project itself worked.

The Spark of 1990: How Tim Berners-Lee Designed the Foundations of the Modern Web
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In the CERN laboratories (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland, the British physicist and engineer Tim Berners-Lee wrote, between the months of November and December 1990, the lines of code that would forever transform human history. What began as an internal solution to resolve the chaos of information among scientists became the birth of the World Wide Web.