Trustless Bitcoin Vaults (TBV) lock BTC in a per-user Taproot UTXO on Bitcoin, mirroring that position on Ethereum as vaultBTC through Aave v4's Hub-and-Spoke design. Babylon's core bottleneck is structural: every vault is a separate UTXO, so throughput scales with Bitcoin block space, not with Ethereum gas. Redemption and liquidation both require proofs verified through BitVM3 garbled-circuit constructions, restricting withdrawal speed at volume.

The BaBe cryptography cuts SNARK verification cost on Bitcoin roughly 1,000x versus prior methods. That is what makes an economically viable fraud-proof challenge window possible at all, since earlier approaches priced honest challengers out. But the window itself adds latency between liquidation trigger and final settlement, and vaultBTC stays non-transferable outside the Core Lending Spoke by design.

Liquidity fragmentation risk sits in the liquidation path. Seized collateral gets swapped to WBTC by permissionless liquidators at a premium, then arbitrageurs redeem the underlying BTC natively. If arbitrage capital thins out during stress, WBTC premium spreads widen and the redemption queue backs up against Bitcoin's confirmation cadence.

Ultimately, Babylon's TBV throughput is bounded by UTXO-level parallelism and challenge-window economics, not by Aave's usual liquidity mechanics.
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